An Assessment of the Recent Development in the Methods of Futures Study

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 PhD candidate in futures study, Research Center for Scientific Policy of the Country, Tehran, Iran

2 (Corresponding Author) master of business administration, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran

3 Assistant professor at the Faculty of Islamic Knowledge and Thought, University of Tehran. Iran

Abstract

This study is conducted to review the recent developments in the methods applied to the researches and projects of futures study. This study began with a library research among the selected articles published in relation to the new methods credential scientific journals. Having explained a detailed description and examples of new methods, the researchers assessed the methods for futures study and the proposed paradigms. Afterwards, we focused on the concept of post-normal and presented a concept called post-method. It can be useful for solving futures study in the complex space ahead. The basis of the idea of post-method underlies the fact that due to the increasing complexity of local and global conditions and the progress of the factors affecting these problems, it is necessary to go beyond the traditional methods and provide a new concept for solving problems and a new definition for methods. To be able to respond to these growing complexities. The results revealed that the recent advances in the methods used in futures study are influenced by the four sources of information technology including the World Wide Web, combination of methods and movement towards post-normal conditions and naturally to post-method. It is noteworthy that the concept of post-normal and post-method can cover the other three sources.

Keywords


عرب بافرانی و عیوضی، محمدرحیم (1396)، درآمدی بر آینده‌پژوهی در نظام مدیریت اسلامی ازطریق مطالعه روش‌شناسی آینده‌پژوهی و اجتهاد در فقه امامیه، فصلنامه مدیریت اسلامی، 25(3): 85 ـ 113.‎
 
Allen, P., & Varga, L. (2014). Modelling sustainable energy futures for the UK. Futures, 57, 28–40.
Anapol, D. (2013). The Truth about Polyamory. Psychology Today, April 18.
Amara, R. (1991). Views on futures research methodology. Futures, 23(6). doi: 10.1016/0016-3287(91)90085-G
Bezold, C. (2010). Lessons from using scenarios for strategic foresight. Technological forecasting and social change, 77(9), 1513-1518.
Bell, W. (2011). Foundations of futures studies: human science for a new era: values, objectivity, and the good society (Vol. 2). Transaction Publishers.
Black, F., & Scholes, M. (1973). The pricing of options and corporate liabilities. Journal of Political Economy, 81(3), 637–654.
Bernauer, J., & Pohl, R. (2014). The Proton Radius Problem. Scientific American, February, 32–39.
Coleman, H. (1996). Autonomy and ideology in the English language classroom. In H. Coleman (Ed.), Society and the language classroom (pp. 1-15). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Elliott, J. (1993). Reconstructing teacher education: Teacher development. London: Falmer.
Edge, J. (Ed.). (2001). Action research. Washington, DC: TESOL.
Gáspár, T., & Nováky, E. (2002). Dilemmas for renewal of futures methodology. Futures, 34(5), 365-379.
Glenn, J. C., & Gordon, T. J. (Eds.). (2009). Futures research methodology-version 3-0. Editorial desconocida.
Godet, M. C., Buleon, A., Tran, V., & Colonna, P. (1993). Structural features of fatty acid-amylose complexes. Carbohydrate Polymers, 21(2-3), 91-95.
Galbraith, J. K. (2014). The end of normal: The great crisis and the future of growth. Simon and Schuster.
Gehmann, U. (2014). The frame context. In U. Gehmann & M. Reiche (Eds.), Real virtuality. Bielefeld: Transcript.
Harris, M. (2014). The end of absence: Reclaiming what we’ve lost in a world of constant connection. New York: Current.
Ian Miles, C. R. I. C. (2002). Appraisal of alternative methods and procedures for producing Regional Foresight.".
Inayatullah, S. (1990). Deconstructing and reconstructing the future: Predictive, cultural and critical epistemologies. Futures, 22(2), 115-141.
Inayatullah, S. (1993). From ‘who am I?’to ‘when am I?’: framing the shape and time of the future. Futures, 25(3), 235-253.
Inayatullah, S. (2009). Questioning scenarios. Journal of futures studies, 13(3), 75-80.
Kumaravadivelu, B. (1999). Theorizing practice, practicing theory: The role of critical classroom observation. In H. Trappes-Lomax & I. McGrath (Eds.), Theory in language teacher education (pp. 33-45). London: : Longman.
Kumaravadivelu, B. (2001). Toward a postmethod pedagogy. TESOL Quarterly, 35, 537-560.
Kumaravadivelu, B. (2006). Understanding language learning: From method to postmethod. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Kolbert, E. (2014). The sixth extinction. London: Bloomsbury.
Kissinger, H. (2014). World order: Reflections on the character of nations and the course of history. London: Allan Lane.
Krawczyk, E., & Slaughter, R. (2010). New generations of futures methods. Futures, 42(1), 75-82.
Lewis, M. (2014). Flash Boys. London: Allan Lane.
Lykken, J., & Spiropulu, M. (2014). Supersymmetry and the Crisis in Physics. Scientific American, 310(May (5)).
 
Masini, E. B. (1989). The future of futures studies: A European view. Futures, 21(2), 152-160.
Mayer-Schonberger, V., & Cukier, K. (2013). Big data: A revolution that will transform how we live, work and think. London: John Murry.
Naughton, J. (2014). We’re all being mined for data – but who are the real winners. The Observer, June 8.
New Internationalist (2013b). Where have all the girls gone? New Internationalist, October.
O’Hanlon, C. (1993). The importance of an articulated personal theory of professional development. In J. Elliott (Ed.), Reconstructing teacher education: Teacher development (pp. 243-255). London: The Falmer Press.
Pacinelli, A. (2009). The Futures Polygon.
Popper, R. (2008). Foresight methodology. The handbook of technology foresight, 44-88.
Ravetz, J., & Funtowicz, S. (1999). Post-Normal Science-an insight now maturing. Futures-the Journal of Forecasting Planning and Policy, 31(7), 641-646.
Sardar, Z. (2010). The Namesake: Futures; futures studies; futurology; futuristic; foresight—What's in a name?. Futures, 42(3), 177-184.
Slaughter, R. (2011). The biggest wakeup call in history. Brisbane: Foresight International.
Sweeny, J. (2014). Command-and-control: Alternative futures of geoengineering in an age of global weirding. Futures, 57, 1–13.
Stern, H. H. (1985). Review of J. W. Oller and P. A. Richard-Amato’s methods that work. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 7, 249-251.
Tapio, P., & Hietanen, O. (2002). Epistemology and public policy: using a new typology to analyse the paradigm shift in Finnish transport futures studies. Futures, 34(7), 597-620.
Voros, J. (2008). »Integral Future: An approach to futures inquiry.« Futures 40(2): 190201.
Walsh, B. (2014). Invasive species. Time, 184(July (4)), 20–26.
W. Krauss, M. S. Scha¨ fer, H. von Storch (Eds.). (2012). Nature and Culture, 7(Summer (2)).