Abdollahpour, B & Mozaffari-Falarti, M. (2024). “The U.S. Factor in China-Iran Relations: A Historical Perspective on Beijing's Dual Policy”. China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies, DOI:10.1142/S2377740023500045.
Bailey, M., Strezhnev, A., & Voeten, E. (2017). Estimating dynamic state preferences from United Nations voting data. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 61(2), 430–456.
Bull, H. (1977). The Anarchical Society ,London: Palgrave.
Committee on Foreign Affairs. (2019). “Hearing before the Subcommittee on the Middle East, North Africa and International Terrorism: Chinese and Russian Insuence in the Middle East”. available at:
Dehghani Firouzabadi, S. J. (2018). Principles and Foundations of International Relations (I). Tehran: Samat. (In Persian).
Dorj, H.(2025). Analyzing the Soft Reflection of the Islamic Revolution of Iran on the Enhancement of Yemeni Shiite Power with a Futures Studies Approach. Future Studies of the Islamic Revolution, 4(5), 63–101. [In Persian]
Ferguson, C. (2012). “The Strategic Use of Soft Balancing: The Normative Dimensions of the Chinese-Russian „Strategic Partnership‟.” Journal of Strategic Studies 35 (2): 197-222.
Fitzpatrick, M. (2018). Iran’s protests and the fate of the nuclear deal. Survival, 60(1),69–74.
Green, W
& Roth, T. (2021). “China-Iran Relations: A Limited but Enduring Strategic Part-nership”. in U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, available
at:
https://www.uscc.gov/sites/default/les/2021-06/China-Iran_Relations.pdf.
He, K. (2009), Dynamic Balancing: China's balancing strategies towards the United States, 1949-2005, Journal of Contemporary China.
He, K. (2018). Role conceptions, order transition and institutional balancing in the Asia-Pacific:a new theoretical framework, Australian Journal of International Affairs, 76(2).
He, K & Feng, H. (2020).International Institutions,Institutional Balancing,and Peaceful Order Transition. International Affairs, 34(4).
He, K & Feng , H. (2008). “If Not Balancing Then What? Reconsidering Soft Balancing and and U.S. Policy Toward China’’. Security Studies, 17(2), 363-395.
Houghton, B. (2022). “China’s Balancing Strategy Between Saudi Arabia and Iran: The View from Riyadh”. Asian Affairs, 53(1). DOI: 10.1080/03068374.2022.2029065.
Khatib, D. (2021). The Syrian crisis: Effects on regional and international relations Springer.
Lišanin, M. (2014). Book Review: World Order, by Henry Kissinger, New York: Journal of Regional Security, 10:1, 103–105.
Little, R. (2008). Evolution in the Theories of Balance of Power. Translation: Gholamali Cheganizadeh, Tehran: Publications of Abrar Contemporary International Studies and Research Institute. [In Persian]
McDowell, D. (2020). Financial sanctions and political risk in the international currency system. Review of International Political Economy, 28(3), 635–661.
Meltzer, J. P. (2017). " China's One Belt One Road initiative: A View from the United States". Brookings. Available at:
Mearsheimer, J. (2019). Bound to Fail: The Rise and Fall of the Liberal International Order. International Security, 43 (4).
Mohammadi, M. (2025). Iran's Role in China's Foreign Policy: A Case Study of the 25-Year Agreement. Panoply Journal, 6.
Pape,R .A.(2005). “Soft Balancing against the United States”. International Security,. 30(1), summer.
Paul,T.V.(2005). Soft Balancing in the Age of U.S. Primacy, International Security,. 30( 1), pp. 46–71.
Purozmand, A & Zanganeh, M. (2024). The future of the Islamic revolution with regard to the state of Western culture based on the intellectual system of the Supreme Leader. Crisis Management and Emergency Situations, 1(5), 57–84. DOR:
https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.27173674.1403.5.1.3.5. [In Persian]
SIPRI Fact Sheet (2024): SIPRI Military Expenditure Database directly at milex.sipri.org/sipri.
Song ,W. (2013). “Feeling safe, being strong: China’s strategy of soft balancing through the Shanghai Cooperation Organization”. International Politics, 50( 5).
Syed, A ; Khan, A & Ejaz, M. (2022). Sino-Iranian Comprehensive Strategic Relations: Implications for the Region, Journal of Development and Social Sciences, 3( 2).
Taheri, E ; Mirhosseini, M & Baghshahi, N. (2022). Iran and China's Foreign Policy Strategy in Eurasia, Iranian Review of Foreign Affairs, 12( 34).
Takeyh, R., & Maloney, S. (2011). The self-limiting success of Iran sanctions. International Affairs, 87(6), 1297–1312.
Walt, S. M. (1990). The Origins of Alliances. Ithaca N.Y: Cornell university press.
Waltz, K. N.(2000). “Structural Realism after the Cold War”, International Security, 25( 1) , pp. 5–41.
Waltz, K. (2014). The Theory of International Politics. Translated by Ruhollah Talebi-Arani, Tehran: Mokhatab Publications. [In Persian]
Wang, Y. (2010). China’s Response to the Unipolar World: The Strategic Logic of Peaceful Development, Journal of Asian and African Studies, 45(5) 554–567.
Weng, L ; Xue, Lan et al .(2021). Challenges faced by Chinese firms implementing the ‘Belt and Road Initiative’: Evidence from three railway projects. Research in Globalization,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resglo.2021.100074.
World Bank .(2025).
GDP (current US$), Available at:
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD.
Yulianti, D & et al. (2025). Iranian Foreign Policy Strategy Regarding China’s Belt and Road Initiative, Dauliyah Journal of Islamic and International Affairs 10(1):66-83.
Yildirimçakar, E. (2023). The Dynamics of Iran-China “New” Strategic Cooperation. Alternatif Politika, 15 (2).
力, 杨. (2019). 新丝路学刊︱“一带一路”框架下中国-伊朗经济合作与伙伴关系构建. 新丝路学刊, 第1。
曼若, 郭. (2023). 伊朗加入上合组织: 作用力、影响及挑战 . 俄罗斯东欧中亚研究 年第3 期.
瑾, 陆 & 江波, 宋. (2020). 伊朗与中国战略合作的动因及阻力. 《国际研究参考, 年第12 期
真 , 蒋 & 国兵, 王.(2017). 伊朗 “向东看”战略与 “丝绸之路 经济带”的构建. 中东问题研究 ,年第1 期 ( 总第5 期).